{"id":589,"date":"2025-04-29T14:37:04","date_gmt":"2025-04-29T12:37:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/?p=589"},"modified":"2025-09-08T12:23:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T10:23:45","slug":"moze-algoritmus-predpovedat-vraha-kontroverzny-britsky-projekt-vyvolava-eticke-otazky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/blog\/moze-algoritmus-predpovedat-vraha-kontroverzny-britsky-projekt-vyvolava-eticke-otazky\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4\u017ee algoritmus predpoveda\u0165 vraha? Kontroverzn\u00fd britsk\u00fd projekt vyvol\u00e1va etick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Za\u010diatkom apr\u00edla tohto roka Ministerstvo spravodlivosti Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva (\u010falej len ako \u201ebritsk\u00e9 ministerstvo\u201c) pob\u00farilo celosvetov\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 \u00fanikom pr\u00edpravy tajn\u00e9ho projektu, ktor\u00e9ho cie\u013eom je predikcia p\u00e1chate\u013eov, ktor\u00ed v bud\u00facnosti pravdepodobne sp\u00e1chaj\u00fa trestn\u00fd \u010din vra\u017edy.[1] <\/sup>K tomuto pilotn\u00e9mu projektu britsk\u00e9ho ministerstva sa medzi prv\u00fdmi vyjadrili The Guardian<\/em>[2] <\/sup> a skupina Statewatch<\/em>,[3] <\/sup> pri\u010dom sa rozv\u00edrila vlna kritiky mieren\u00e1 na tajn\u00fd projekt zo strany \u0161irokej verejnosti, a to pr\u00e1ve z vyu\u017e\u00edvania citliv\u00fdch osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov stoviek tis\u00edcov \u013eud\u00ed britsk\u00fdm ministerstvom.[4] <\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Citliv\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 \u00fadaje mali pod\u013ea skupiny Statewatch<\/em> zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 nielen d\u00e1ta t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa mien, d\u00e1tumov naroden\u00ed, pohlavia, etnickej pr\u00edslu\u0161nosti, \u010di identifika\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla os\u00f4b v datab\u00e1ze britskej pol\u00edcie; ale prekvapivo sa mali v projekte vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 d\u00e1ta obsahuj\u00face \u00fadaje o sebapo\u0161kodzovan\u00ed, dom\u00e1com n\u00e1sil\u00ed, du\u0161evnom zdrav\u00ed, \u010di z\u00e1vislostiach \u013eud\u00ed, preto\u017ee pr\u00e1ve predmetn\u00e9 ukazovatele by mali ma\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00fa predik\u010dn\u00fa schopnos\u0165. Uveden\u00e9 d\u00e1ta sa pritom mali t\u00fdka\u0165 aj tej skupiny os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 predt\u00fdm nikdy neboli ods\u00faden\u00e9 za \u017eiadny trestn\u00fd \u010din.[5] <\/sup> Skupina aktivistov namieta zhroma\u017e\u010fovanie a pou\u017e\u00edvanie tak\u00e9hoto d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho setu citliv\u00fdch osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu zapr\u00ed\u010dini\u0165 zaujatos\u0165 spolo\u010dnosti vo\u010di men\u0161in\u00e1m, \u010di dokonca skupine obyvate\u013estva poch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej zo skromn\u00fdch majetkov\u00fdch pomerov.[6] <\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Britsk\u00e9 ministerstvo sa vo\u010di tak\u00fdmto obvineniam ohradilo, pri\u010dom uviedlo, \u017ee projekt bol zriaden\u00fd za \u00fa\u010delom prieskumu profil\u00e1cie p\u00e1chate\u013eov a v r\u00e1mci projektu tak doch\u00e1dza k sk\u00famaniu inovat\u00edvnych techn\u00edk zameran\u00fdch na hodnotenie rizika zabitia zo strany p\u00e1chate\u013eov. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00e1 projekt poskytn\u00fa\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161iu ochranu verejnosti tkvej\u00facu v predikcii subjektu schopn\u00e9ho sp\u00e1cha\u0165 trestn\u00fd \u010din vra\u017edy. Britsk\u00e9 ministerstvo v\u0161ak poprelo v\u0161etky obvinenia, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee by doch\u00e1dzalo k zberu a vyu\u017e\u00edvaniu \u00fadajov subjektov, ktor\u00e9 predt\u00fdm nikdy nesp\u00e1chali ak\u00fdko\u013evek trestn\u00fd \u010din.[7]  <\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na verejnos\u0165 sa dostala fotografia, ktor\u00e1 zachyt\u00e1va \u010das\u0165 dohody o spolo\u010dnom vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 bola uzavret\u00e1 medzi britsk\u00fdm ministerstvom a pol\u00edciou Greater Manchester.[8]  <\/sup>\u010cas\u0165 dohody, ktor\u00e1 bola zverejnen\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a nielen ods\u00fadenia ob\u010danov za rozli\u010dn\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010diny, no prekvapuj\u00facimi \u010das\u0165ami \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00e9 na \u00fa\u010dely projektu, s\u00fa napr\u00edklad \u010dasti ako \u201evek, kedy bola osoba prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zaznamenan\u00e1 ako obe\u0165<\/em>\u201c alebo \u201evek, kedy bola osoba prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zaznamenan\u00e1 ako svedok<\/em>\u201c.[9] <\/sup>Takto zozbieran\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 \u00fadaje \u013eud\u00ed sa preto dot\u00fdkaj\u00fa aj subjektov, ktor\u00e9 trestn\u00fd \u010din nikdy nesp\u00e1chali, a teda nemohli by\u0165 za trestn\u00fd \u010din ani nikdy ods\u00faden\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010clenka a z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00fdskumn\u00ed\u010dka skupiny Statewatch, <\/em>Sofia Lyall, vyu\u017e\u00edvanie citliv\u00fdch osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov ob\u010danov komentovala ako: \u201eVytvorenie automatizovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja na profilovanie \u013eud\u00ed ako n\u00e1siln\u00fdch zlo\u010dincov je hlboko nespr\u00e1vne a pou\u017e\u00edvanie tak\u00fdchto citliv\u00fdch \u00fadajov o du\u0161evnom zdrav\u00ed, z\u00e1vislosti, \u010di fyzickom postihnut\u00ed, je priam alarmuj\u00face<\/em>.\u201c[10] <\/sup>Odhalen\u00fd projekt britsk\u00e9ho ministerstva v spolupr\u00e1ci s pol\u00edciou Greater Manchester teda m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 dopad na preh\u013abenie \u0161truktur\u00e1lnej diskrimin\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 vych\u00e1dza zo zberu osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov ob\u010danov, pri\u010dom pod\u013ea zverejnenej dohody je mo\u017en\u00e9 s ur\u010ditos\u0165ou poveda\u0165, \u017ee s\u00fa vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9to d\u00e1ta e\u0161te spred roka 2015.[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1verom teda mo\u017eno kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee iniciat\u00edva britsk\u00e9ho ministerstva tkvej\u00faca vo vytvoren\u00ed projektu zameran\u00e9ho na predpovedanie vr\u00e1\u017ed, vyvol\u00e1va v\u00e1\u017ene pr\u00e1vne ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa ochrany osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov ob\u010danov a ochrany s\u00fakromia, hoci prezent\u00e1cia projektu zo strany ministerstva mala vies\u0165 pr\u00e1ve k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu verejnej bezpe\u010dnosti t\u00fdchto ob\u010danov. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti u\u017e s\u00edce doch\u00e1dza k vyu\u017e\u00edvaniu n\u00e1strojov na hodnotenie riz\u00edk, pri\u010dom by projekt na predikciu vr\u00e1\u017ed mohol do s\u00faboru doteraz dostupn\u00fdch d\u00e1t prida\u0165 nov\u00e9 zdroje obsahuj\u00face \u010fal\u0161ie osobn\u00e9 \u00fadaje \u013eud\u00ed, a v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku by tak v\u00fdsledky na hodnotenie riz\u00edk mohli vyk\u00e1za\u0165 hodnotnej\u0161ie a relevantnej\u0161ie d\u00e1ta. Pou\u017eitie predikt\u00edvnych algoritmov na ur\u010denie rizika sp\u00e1chania n\u00e1siln\u00fdch trestn\u00fdch \u010dinov v\u0161ak nasto\u013euje nielen etick\u00e9 dilemy, ale aj riziko preh\u013abenia existuj\u00facich syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch predsudkov. Hoci je u\u017e odhalen\u00fd projekt zatia\u013e len v prvotnej f\u00e1ze v\u00fdskumu, u\u017e v takomto \u0161t\u00e1diu je nevyhnutnos\u0165ou d\u00f4kladne zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 jeho s\u00falad so z\u00e1konn\u00fdmi r\u00e1mcami ochrany osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vami jednotlivcov. Transparentnos\u0165 oh\u013eadom pou\u017eit\u00fdch d\u00e1t obsahuj\u00facich citliv\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 \u00fadaje \u013eud\u00ed, ako aj nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 kontrola, bud\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre zabezpe\u010denie zodpovedn\u00e9ho a etick\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu k tejto kontroverznej iniciat\u00edve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autorka je dennou doktorandkou na Katedre medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va a medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov, Pr\u00e1vnickej fakulty Univerzity Komensk\u00e9ho v Bratislave. E-mail: ema.krkoskova@flaw.uniba.sk<\/mark><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] V\u00fdvoj syst\u00e9mu je uskuto\u010d\u0148ovan\u00fd v r\u00e1mci projektu s n\u00e1zvom \u201eData Science<\/em>\u201c. Projekt preto zah\u0155\u0148a vyu\u017eitie softv\u00e9rov, umelej inteligencie, strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia, \u010di interpret\u00e1ciu ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva dostupn\u00fdch \u00fadajov. Pre viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o Data Science pozri: Sarker, I.H. Data Science and Analytics: An Overview from Data-Driven Smart Computing, Decision-Making and Applications Perspective<\/em>. In: SN Computer Science, vydanie  2, \u010d\u00edslo 377 , 2021, DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00765-8<\/a>.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] The Guardian<\/em> ako popul\u00e1rny britsk\u00fd denn\u00edk. \u010cl\u00e1nok t\u00fdkaj\u00faci sa problematiky tajn\u00e9ho projektu dostupn\u00fd na webovom s\u00eddle: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2025\/apr\/08\/uk-creating-prediction-tool-to-identify-people-most-likely-to-kill<\/mark><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Statewatch <\/em>ako charitat\u00edvna organiz\u00e1cia, propaguj\u00faca napr\u00edklad kritick\u00fd v\u00fdskum, investigat\u00edvnu \u017eurnalistiku, \u010di informovanos\u0165 o verejn\u00fdch diskusi\u00e1ch, ob\u010dianskych slobod\u00e1ch a \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vach. T\u00e1to skupina odhalila utajovan\u00fd projekt, preto\u017ee si vy\u017eiadala inform\u00e1cie od britsk\u00e9ho ministerstva na z\u00e1klade z\u00e1kona o inform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve. \u010cl\u00e1nok t\u00fdkaj\u00faci sa problematiky tajn\u00e9ho projektu dostupn\u00fd na webovom s\u00eddle: https:\/\/www.statewatch.org\/news\/2025\/april\/uk-ministry-of-justice-secretly-developing-murder-prediction-system\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] BICER, A. UK goverment developing \u2019murder prediction\u2019 program amid backlash<\/em>. 2025. Dostupn\u00e9 na webovom s\u00eddle: https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/europe\/uk-government-developing-murder-prediction-program-amid-backlash\/3532754<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Dostupn\u00e9 na webovom s\u00eddle: https:\/\/www.freevacy.com\/news\/the-guardian\/uk-government-developing-murder-prediction-tool\/6291<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Projekt britsk\u00e9ho ministerstva pritom vyu\u017e\u00edva osobn\u00e9 \u00fadaje o kriminalite z r\u00f4znych ofici\u00e1lnych zdrojov, napr. dostupn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta z datab\u00e1zy proba\u010dnej a v\u00e4zenskej slu\u017eby, a pol\u00edcie Greater Manchester.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] \u010cas\u0165 dohody uzatvorenej medzi britsk\u00fdm ministerstvom a pol\u00edciou Greater Manchester je mo\u017en\u00e1 k nahliadnutiu na webovom s\u00eddle: https:\/\/www.statewatch.org\/news\/2025\/april\/uk-ministry-of-justice-secretly-developing-murder-prediction-system\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Vyjadrenie Sofii Lyall zo skupiny Statewatch je dostupn\u00e9 na webovom s\u00eddle: https:\/\/www.statewatch.org\/news\/2025\/april\/uk-ministry-of-justice-secretly-developing-murder-prediction-system\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] \u010cas\u0165 dohody uzatvorenej medzi britsk\u00fdm ministerstvom a pol\u00edciou Greater Manchester, ktor\u00e1 v\u00fdslovne uv\u00e1dza zber osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov e\u0161te pred rokom 2015 je mo\u017en\u00e1 k nahliadnutiu na webovom s\u00eddle: https:\/\/www.statewatch.org\/news\/2025\/april\/uk-ministry-of-justice-secretly-developing-murder-prediction-system\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Za\u010diatkom apr\u00edla tohto roka Ministerstvo spravodlivosti Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva (\u010falej len ako \u201ebritsk\u00e9 ministerstvo\u201c) pob\u00farilo celosvetov\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 \u00fanikom pr\u00edpravy tajn\u00e9ho projektu, ktor\u00e9ho cie\u013eom je predikcia p\u00e1chate\u013eov, ktor\u00ed v bud\u00facnosti pravdepodobne sp\u00e1chaj\u00fa trestn\u00fd \u010din vra\u017edy.[1] K tomuto pilotn\u00e9mu projektu britsk\u00e9ho ministerstva sa medzi prv\u00fdmi vyjadrili The Guardian[2]  a skupina Statewatch,[3]  pri\u010dom sa rozv\u00edrila vlna kritiky mieren\u00e1 na tajn\u00fd projekt […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":591,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/589","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=589"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/589\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":720,"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/589\/revisions\/720"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/591"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=589"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=589"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/altaml.upjs.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=589"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}